Miami Recap ~ The Fortune (Scope, NINFA and M2) by Laurence Fuller

The Fortune at Nolcha Shows just exhibited immersively on 50 LED screens in Miami ~ it was a meditation on the whales, the details of creating for this large space, the poetry, the sound, the images & then to watch them all come together in symbiosis was a great joy.

NINFA INTERVIEW

Carlo Borloni: The Fortune is rooted in your award-winning novella and explores humanity’s complex relationship with nature through the lens of whaling. Can you share how the idea evolved from a written narrative into a cinematic poetry and immersive exhibition?

Laurence Fuller: I first became interested by the plight of the whales about ten years ago. There was Sea Shepherd and their pirate-like efforts to stop whaling hands on in the Southern Ocean and then The Cove. Their rebellious and decisive actions made me pay attention.

Around this time my mother started painting a lot of whales, Migaloo the white whale off the coast of Australia. It seemed to me there was something mysterious about the whale’s song.

This sound which read like a biography of the animal, where they have been, their relationships, what they discovered and how they felt about their environment, and their psychology are all subtle notes in this echo which they send outwards from their body to communicate for miles around. A novella in itself, and a poem from the ocean that is being constantly recited from the beneath the surface of the waves.

Yet man’s connection to whales has thus far been a superficial one of extracting basic resources from their bodies, their blubber and their bones. Millions of whales once thrived in our oceans ~ yet by the time the international moratorium on commercial whaling was put into affect in 1986 some species were hunted to the brink of extinction. You hear these facts and it sounds like a cause like any other. But there was something much more than that.

For me they symbolize the soul of the ocean, and of Mother Nature itself. I went back and read the Novella I wrote about whaling in 2020, and I saw it was very cinematic, the language was very visual and it was nominated for several awards under “cinematic writing” categories.

The characters centre around the generational traditions of whaling in Iceland. And it was the opportunity posed by NINFA and Nolcha Shows to create a series of cinematic works for Miami that challenged me to take on this subject.

By adapting the story into cinematic poetry, I could weave visuals, narration, and music into a deeply immersive experience.

The transition allowed me to explore the text as a living, breathing entity, one where viewers could step into the luminous mist of the sea, hear the whales’ haunting song, and feel the weight of time through layered, evocative imagery.


Carlo Borloni: The collection features themes like legacy, spiritual connection, and humanity’s exploitation of nature. What personal or artistic experiences led you to tackle such profound and timeless issues?

Laurence Fuller: Growing up, I was deeply influenced by stories of the sea—both its beauty and its brutality. The concept of whaling, with its dual nature of human ambition and destruction, felt like a powerful metaphor for our relationship with nature, Mother Nature and our own human nature, the laws of human nature.

My father’s philosophy of Mother Nature being an integral factor to artistic life lead me to explore how personal legacy intersects with global responsibility. The Fortune became my way of processing these ideas, of reconciling the awe I feel for nature with the grief of what we’ve lost through exploitation.

It’s both a personal and universal journey, exploring how our actions echo through time.

I thought more on that concept of a Whales echo and realized that we must be etched in that music as much as we speak of the whales to eachother.


Carlo Borloni: Collaboration plays a significant role in The Fortune, with AI models trained on Stephanie Fuller’s brushstrokes. How did these collaborations influence the final vision?

Laurence Fuller: The collaborative process was essential to expanding The Fortune beyond my own imagination. It’s no mistake that these were trained on my mother’s brushstrokes. Seeing as Mother Nature is an essential theme to this story and the artworks and that she has been painting whales for many years.

My father’s writings on art and psychoanalysis and his reading of DW Winnicott’s infant mother relationship where transitional objects like a baby’s blanket serve as metaphors to play out larger concepts in society, forming the basis for human’s fundamental need for art to understand in ways logic and reason cannot explain.

My mother’s brushstrokes served as the material basis for the visuals, Mother Nature is created the model from which this world of The Fortune was born and the whales swam in the ocean of our dreams.


Carlo Borloni: Each act of The Fortune represents a distinct chapter in this narrative. Can you elaborate on the emotional and thematic journey viewers will experience from The Harpoon to Patience Is a Kiss?

Laurence Fuller: The journey begins with The Harpoon, a portrait of Uncle Svenson and the legacy of whaling—a brutal yet deeply human story of ambition, power, and loss. This sets the tone for the exploration of humanity’s relationship with nature.

Act II, The Echo, shifts to a deeply personal perspective, as a whaler dreams of home and love while reconciling the sacrifices made at sea.

Act III, The Whale’s Song, dives into the spiritual realm, where the protagonist connects to the ancient resonance of the whales and the mysteries of the ocean, finding harmony in their song.

The final act, Patience Is a Kiss, is a reflection on love, destiny, and transformation—a culmination of the emotional and spiritual discoveries made along the way.

Carlo Borloni: The medium of NFTs often raises questions about the intersection of technology and art. What does the integration of Web3 and AI bring to your storytelling, and how does it complement the traditional poetic and cinematic elements?

Laurence Fuller: There’s many artists who create still image artworks that I love Tania Rivilis, Henrik Uldalen, Jenni Pasanen, Victoria West and Peter Howson to name a few, all of whom I have collaborated with.

To be authentic to my own understanding of the world I was always going to be a storyteller in some way and a video artist. To see the world through a dreamlike cinematic lens.

The formats for video art have been really problematic up until now. I think of Matthew Barney DVDs selling for hundreds of thousands of dollars, the most expensive selling for $500k. I’m a huge fan of Matthew Barney one of my favorite performance artists and video artists of all time. But DVDs cannot be the best format for his art, and I believe the format in this case has held back the true value of the artwork.

Also from a storytelling perspective in this case three video artworks can become a triptych ~ and digital artworks can connect to eachother in ways they never were able to before.

Carlo Borloni: You’ve portrayed iconic figures on screen, including David Hockney, and worked extensively as an actor and writer. How have these creative disciplines informed your approach to The Fortune?

Laurence Fuller: My experience as an actor taught me how to inhabit stories viscerally, to understand language as lived experience. Much of writing for most people, stays on the page, acting is really the one kind of experience where literature comes to life in a fully realized way.

Especially the way I wanted to do it, like an immersive experience, to be enveloped in the world. Like a blanket.

For The Fortune, I approached each panel like as a character unto itself ~ imbuing each act with its own voice and emotional arc.

Carlo Borloni: Nature is central to this work, particularly the symbolism of the whale. How do you hope viewers will connect with the environmental and spiritual messages of the exhibition?

Laurence Fuller: The whale’s song is really the most poignant metaphor this world has created for the unseen poetry that’s all around us. I hope The Fortune sparks a sense of reverence for the majesty of nature and a reflection on our shared responsibility to protect it.

Carlo Borloni: As The Fortune debuts during Miami Art Week in partnership with Nolcha Shows and Scope Art Fair, what role does the immersive aspect play in making the exhibition resonate with audiences?

Laurence Fuller: This is an artwork that you have to feel and experience, whether that’s on the big screen at home or all around, swimming through oceans of the unknown.

Carlo Borloni: Your late father, art critic Peter Fuller, influenced your understanding of fine art. How has his legacy shaped your perspective on creating art that bridges classical and contemporary elements?

Laurence Fuller: My father’s work instilled in me a deep appreciation for the intersection of tradition and innovation. He believed in art as a reflection of humanity’s spiritual and intellectual struggles, and I’ve carried that belief into The Fortune. I aim to honor his legacy while forging a new path.

His deep study into art, was one of the most comprehensive of the 20th Century, and not that he was correct in his assertions, but that he had them, that he thought through these matters that affect art and human life so extensively, that pertained to philosophy, politics, ecology and ultimately spiritual matters through the canvas.

Carlo Borloni: Lastly, your poetic verse, “Fortune is the home we find ourselves,” is a poignant meditation. What do you hope this project communicates about the human condition and our relationship with time, nature, and destiny?

Laurence Fuller: The Fortune is you.

The Fortune: Immersive Exhibition during Miami Art Basel by Laurence Fuller by Laurence Fuller

“Time is falling like autumn leaves in decay. Life hangs in the balance of our next breath, and paradise speaks from within: ‘Patience is a kiss.’”

The Fortune is a cinematic poetry immersive exhibition taking place at M2 in partnership with Nolcha Shows and Scope Art Fair with Superchief Gallery, during Miami Art Week. Exploring humanity’s fraught relationship with mother nature through the lens of whaling—a brutal tradition that serves as a metaphor for mankind’s attempts to dominate the natural world. Through four acts, the work examines the legacy of exploitation, the yearning for connection, and the spiritual resonance found in nature’s mysteries. From the harpooner’s relentless pursuit of power to the whaler’s longing for home, from the haunting song of the whales to the quiet wisdom of patience, The Fortune invites viewers to confront the consequences of their actions and rediscover their place within a greater, harmonious design. As an immersive exhibition during Miami Art Week and at Scope Art Fair, this piece fuses poetic narration, stunning animation, and timeless themes, creating a visceral reflection on how humanity’s relationship to nature mirrors its own inner struggles.

Each act unfurls a distinct chapter in this profound narrative, weaving together themes of tradition, longing, spiritual connection, and the timeless rhythm of love and destiny. The final act, Patience Is a Kiss, completes this meditative journey, creating a poetic symphony that bridges the past, present, and future.

Based on the Award Winning Novella by Laurence Fuller and AI models trained on the brushstrokes of Stephanie Fuller.

Act I: The Harpoon

“The sea was his kingdom, the knife his crown,

Where whales were felled, their greatness drowned.”

The first act opens with a portrait of Uncle Svenson, a man carved from the harshness of the North, bound to the sea and its brutal traditions. Through his eyes, we see the clash between legacy and decay, power and the cost it exacts. The animation reflects the rusted harbors and crimson tides of The Fortune, where the cry of the seals mingles with the creak of old machinery. Svenson’s shadow looms as both a ruler and a prisoner of the ocean, a man whose ambitions are drowned by the very waters that sustain him.

In this act, we are introduced to the eternal dance between survival and conscience, as Svenson’s legacy becomes a cautionary tale of conquest and consequence. His life is a harpoon cast into the depths, pulling back the weight of centuries, yet echoing the ocean’s refusal to forget.

Act II: Echo

“Fortune is the home we find ourselves.

Home is a paradise we fly decades away from,

Before landing on its brim once again.”

The second act shifts to the perspective of a whaler out at sea, writing to his love and longing for the home he left behind. Through lyrical narration, we feel the tension between duty and desire, courage and vulnerability. The animation captures the restless motion of the waves, the soldier’s resolve, and the distant shores that haunt his dreams.

This act bridges the internal and external struggles of a man caught in the tides of war and love. His father’s wisdom lingers in his heart: “You will learn pain, and through it, you will see that we are all one.” The words guide him as he confronts not only the tyranny of empires but the quiet battles within himself. The sea becomes both battlefield and sanctuary, its echoes carrying the voices of the past and the hopes of tomorrow.

Act III: The Whale’s Song

“Something ancient pulls us where we are,

Floating on machines of our making.

What the generations said was for the taking

Becomes the hum of a hymn in the waves.”

In the third act, the whaler dives into the depths and discovers a spiritual connection to the whales. Their song resonates through his soul, a hymn that bridges the divide between man and nature. The animation captures the glistening currents, the majestic rhythm of the whales, and the fragile balance of life in the ocean.

As the song unfolds, it becomes a conversation between the whaler and the forces of the universe—an acknowledgment of the ancient wisdom embedded in the sea. The animation contrasts the mechanical grind of the ship with the organic harmony of the whales, showing humanity’s struggle to align with the natural world. This act is a moment of awakening, as the protagonist begins to see himself as part of a larger, eternal design.

Act IV: Patience Is a Kiss

“I sailed into the night, through the luminous mist,

All the world was quiet, and dreaming in bliss.

Before the day of the dead and the week of reveling trysts,

I sailed to the edge of the sea.”

The final act, Patience Is a Kiss, closes the triptych with a reflection on transformation, love, and destiny. The protagonist stands at the edge of change, penning a novel by the glow of the stars. The scrolls unfurl like waves, each word a meditation on the urgency of connection and the eternal rhythm of patience.

The sand beneath his feet is like unformed pearls, the stars above like scattered stories yet to be told. The animation glows with a luminous mist, a metaphor for the unknowable future. Paradise whispers its truth: “Patience is a kiss,” a reminder that love and destiny are not found in haste, but in surrender to the flow of life.

An Immersive Experience

Presented as a large-scale immersive installation, The Fortune transforms poetic cinema into a visceral and spiritual experience. Hundred-foot screens envelop viewers in textures of light and shadow, each frame a living poem. The narration guides the audience through the themes of the triptych, creating a dialogue between the self and the infinite.

A Timeless Vision

The Fortune is more than a cinematic poem—it is a meditation on humanity’s connection to tradition, nature, and the divine. It invites viewers to step into the luminous mist of their own stories, to confront the tides of their own memories, and to find solace in the eternal rhythm of life.

At Miami Art Week and Scope Art Fair and M2 in partnership with Nolcha Shows, The Fortune stands as a testament to the transformative power of art, merging ancient themes with contemporary vision. It reminds us that the stories we tell—of love, loss, and longing—are not bound by time but carried forward by the whispers of the sea and the eternal glow of the stars.

Redemption ~ collaboration w/ Peter Howson x Laurence Fuller at the British Art Fair by Laurence Fuller

Redemption exhibits at the British Art Fair at Saatchi Gallery in partnership with Sedition, MuseFrame and Flowers Gallery on September 26th - 29th 2024 and immersively at Lume Studios in NYC at the same time.

This interview explores the creative exchange between Laurence Fuller and Peter Howson in their collaboration on Redemption, a project that merges cinematic poetry with the striking visual language of Howson’s paintings. Known for his powerful depictions of human struggle and resilience, Howson has been a towering figure in contemporary figurative art since his early days at the Glasgow School of Art. His raw, Renaissance-inspired works capture the spiritual and psychological complexities of the human condition, earning global acclaim and an OBE in 2009.

Laurence Fuller, a British-Australian actor, writer, and artist, brings his multifaceted talents to this collaboration. With a heritage steeped in art — his mother a painter and his father a renowned art critic — Fuller has carved out a space that bridges performance and visual arts. Known for role HBO’s Minx, where he portrayed David Hockney, and independent films such as Road To The Well. Fuller’s creative journey reflects a deep engagement with artistic history and innovation, particularly the intersection of traditional and digital mediums. Together, Fuller and Howson explore themes of redemption, transformation, and universal human experience in their latest collaboration.

This deeply personal exploration of the universal themes of struggle, transcendence, and salvation, expressed through the merging of visual art, poetry, and cinema.

At its core, Redemption brings together the powerful, raw intensity of Peter Howson’s paintings with Laurence Fuller’s poetry, animated through AI to create a living, breathing dialogue between form and language. Both Howson and Fuller have embarked on personal journeys marked by internal conflict, growth, and a search for meaning. These experiences are woven into the fabric of this piece, where redemption is not just a distant goal, but an active process of reckoning with one’s own past.

Howson’s paintings are known for their uncompromising portrayal of humanity’s darkest moments, and yet, within these depths, there is always a search for salvation. His own journey ~ marked by battles with addiction, faith, and a return to spiritual awareness ~ imbues his work with a profound sense of vulnerability and redemption. In Redemption, this inner struggle is brought to life as his static images are animated, their textures unraveling to reveal layers of emotional and spiritual depth, mimicking the cyclical nature of personal recovery and growth.

Through words, Fuller wrestles with doubt, guilt, and faith, much like Howson’s figures. "For when I transcend, a greater fool takes my place" ~ speaks to the cyclical struggles of generations, the son surpassing the father. The medium itself tipping its hat to Laurence’s father Peter Fuller who championed the truth to materials in paintings and sculpture.

The use of AI animation serves as a cinematic reconstruction of the given, transforming Howson’s paintings into a moving embodiment of beauty. As in cinema, where sequences of images represent the imagination, these animated works create a dream-like space where the viewer is invited to engage with the story of redemption on both a visual and emotional level. Through the interplay of thought, sound, and action, the audience is drawn into a sensual experience where ideas and emotions are reconstructed, creating a dream ~ an invitation for the audience to find their own redemption within the fluid movements of both painting and poetry.

In Redemption, the personal struggles of both Peter Howson and Laurence Fuller merge with the universal desire for atonement, offering a pathway for the viewer to traverse their own journey. By integrating poetry with painting, and animating these forms with cinematic fluidity, we create a shared space where the internal search for redemption is not only observed but experienced on a visceral level. Though this piece draws on the creative legacies of Charles Baudelaire, John Keats, John Berger, and Peter Fuller ~ in their own search for meaning in language and visual art. It is also a reflection of our personal stories, transformed into a universal narrative that beckons each viewer to explore their own path to redemption.

Paintings by Peter Howson

Redemption

For when I transcend,
A greater fool takes my place,
And in that redemption,
I find the road, for my own way,
Casting my doubts out on the rocking waves,
Begging my sins to wash away.

I clutched at the morning,
It dripped away,
There were tingling rumbles in the streets,
I heard sounds like dropping pennies at my feet,
I must pay my penance,
For the guiltless I do menace,
The sins I have witnessed,
I must not play the victim,
Street lamps glowed at me like the moon,
But they weren’t,
Like the eyes of God in the dark early morning,
Piercing my thoughts,
Like a lamp in my mind,
And my words the the discarded scrap paper thrown out the window,

For when I transcend
A greater fool takes my place
And in that redemption
I find the road, for my own way,
Casting my doubts out on the rocking waves,
Begging my sins to wash away.

Crumpled and landing at the port,
On their way out to sea.
What is going on in our world?
I’ll ask the moon before it fades to the sun,
At long last, I’ll climb the ladder on the bridge from the bottom wrung,
I have struggled to reach even the nearest star,
I grazed my flesh, to check I’m still here,
So many poems to write and never enough time,
Never enough time,
And what have I got for my toil and strife?
Splayed out on the wall for all to see,
This arena of humanity,
Violins playing at the degenerates ball,
This grand opera,
An incomplete Iliad,
I left it unwritten, by my pen and note pad.

Washed against the muddy shore,
Wash up the brilliant and trusted oars of a discarded rowboat that left the trash and seagulls flying with empty cans in their mouths and an empty chest where a ticking clock once was,
The tragedy of the evening and heavy breeze of eternity.

For when I transcend,
A greater fool takes my place,
And in that redemption,
I find the road, for my own way,
Casting my doubts out on the rocking waves,
Begging my sins to wash away.

~ Laurence Fuller, 2024

Curation by Makersplace

Brady Walker:

How did this collaboration with painter Peter Howson come to be?

Laurence Fuller:

As far back as I can remember, I always wanted to work with Peter Howson. Peter’s haunting portraits hung on my wall at Drama School, and as I stared into his characters on the wall they stared back into me.

I had acquired seven etchings by Howson, portraits of men on the street Peter had captured, called "Alec and Mac etc." I had acquired them soon before I left London, for my year studying Shakespeare in Bristol, from my now dear friend of 20 years Matthew Flowers, the director of Flowers Gallery and Peter’s art dealer.

I was studying classical theatre at the time at Bristol Old Vic, and I thought of how the bard wrote both for the nobility and the everyman at the same time. His writings transcended social barriers to speak to the human condition. I saw that in Peter’s work too, it is great in its universality. His figures are wrought with tension and striving, they seemed characters in a Shakespeare play like Caliban or Falstaff ~ as much as they reflected the pedestrian lives in Goya and Rembrandt.

Those etchings still hang in my home in Los Angeles, and they still inspire my performances somehow. I’m sure there’s been a piece of them in every part I’ve played and somewhere in every poem I’ve written.

Peter is a very well-known Scottish artist, I recently did a series of adaptations of MacBeth on Objkt that were a great hit, it’s funny that the Scottish school is finding such a home in web3 first with Trevor and Violet Jones, then with Paul Reid, now with Peter Howson. Soon I have to bring in John Bellany as well, I shall have to speak with Matthew Flowers about that.

After things took hold in my journey with web3, there have been some people from my life in film and traditional art I kept in touch with about it. That I believe in it as the best way to own digital art and solved a lot of the problems when it came to formats for video art. Collectors acquiring Matthew Barney’s epic operas Cremaster on DVD for $500,000 cannot be the best format for video art.

So Matthew Flowers was one of those old friends I kept in touch with and he saw what I was doing could be a very interesting experiment for some of the artists he works with at the gallery. As a director of one of the longest-standing international contemporary art galleries, I’ve always admired Matthew’s open mindedness to the evolving dialog of artistic practice, not as an inevitable evolution with technology at its end point, but more as an avenue, down which art may wander for a time.

So Matthew sent me a catalogue of Peter’s most recent paintings and drawings, and we began a dialogue about the work. Peter’s paintings don’t merely document; they inhabit the psychological and spiritual scars of war, war on the battlefield and war of daily life, giving form to the unspoken and unseen. In adapting Redemption, we sought to channel this gravitas into a cinematic exploration of universal themes: suffering, revelation, and transcendence. This universality resonates powerfully on platforms like Blockbook, where the piece has inspired over 20,000 adaptations by artists worldwide in just a few weeks ~ an unprecedented level of engagement and a testament to the transformative potentialities of this work.

Redemption comes to us at a moment of transformation, a moment before revelation. It is not the angels falling from the sky to save us — that comes later. It is the first peek at the morning clouds parting, through which that glow may speak, after the ravaging night we left behind us.

Web3 has enabled us to engage our audience with this universal concept, on the Blockbook platform with Story IP, where the piece has inspired over 25,000 adaptations by artists around the world in just a few weeks — an unprecedented level of engagement and a testament to the transformative potential of this work. Its visceral appeal to the human condition, that is the power of poetry when in communication with art. Where the language of words and of visual symbols are in a symphony with each other.

It is the quiet of a late-night harbor, where homeless drunks grill rats, mongoose, and scraps of fish over glowing coals. It is the dust of dreams rising from the fallen rubble of the playhouse. Revelation follows close behind, and with it, the opportunity for transcendence. It is for those still standing, after the fall.

BW:

At what point in the process did you write the poem?

LF:

Perhaps it started to form in my dreams after watching Peter’s portraits before I went to sleep at night, at drama school. And I started to dream of Redemption for myself.

A dream of some other life when all these human flaws I have will drift away.

Yet I always start a poem from where I am, from where I stand. Without a net or screen to save me from the page. Just a hope that you see in me, that you read in my pages, all that I could be and can become — and that makes you proud. That’s where I started writing it. Thinking of Redemption as the subject of the poem, and the value of humility in great works of art.

I recently re-read Peter Howson’s article in Modern Painters where he talks about Frans Hals. And that many of Hal’s gifts could not be taught, particularly his observations on the relationships between the painter and his subjects — the patrons of the art, who paid good money for the art to be made by their commission.

This aspect of Hals’ work has often been commented on throughout the art criticism of the 20th Century — some, such as John Berger, chose to reduce the entirety of Hals’ output to this exchange, while others like Peter Fuller saw such reductionist theories about the art to be missing the point of the humanity in Hals’ art which has inspired generations of museum goers for centuries and ironically the only commercial value that remains in the paintings themselves, as their subjects have been forgotten with time.

Hals’ portrait of Willem Heythuysen sold for $11 million, yet was later found to be a forgery. Perhaps these subjects were immortalised by Hals’ brush, as without Hals’ voice attached they would be virtually unsalable, while even the simplest of Hals’ paintings of a Fisher Boy would fetch millions at auction.

“The Fisher Boy looks as if it had been done in a couple of hours; it is the sort of thing I used to do when I was short of money and I wanted to try something commercial, something I knew people would adore to sell. And yet I dearly love this painting. It captures a boy’s character with great freshness. Look at those teeth! They are rotting, and yet they are beautifully painted. Of course, this is just minor work, but I love it. I prefer even a picture like this to the more formal works. I feel there is a lot of character in that face, and it’s not so put on… He’s a good painter, a great painter even, but not the greatest. He’s not first division.” Peter Howson, Modern Painters 1990

Peter spoke too of his love for Goya, and how Goya used his traumas to change his art. I thought in that instance about the persistence of memory, that memory is like a subjective jar we’re all trapped inside or maybe more like a hall of mirrors that we’re sheltered by.

In contrast to an artist like Picasso, who was one of the wealthiest people in Spain during his time, accumulated his vast fortune from the market for his artworks, sketching a wide range of subjects, from muses in chairs, Guernica, The Minotaur, to Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Both Fuller and Berger were at odds about Picasso as well; Fuller often argued that great art transcends its socio-economic context and speaks to universal human experiences. In his view, Picasso’s work, particularly pieces like Guernica, represented a powerful engagement with universal themes of human suffering, resilience, and creativity. Fuller felt that Berger’s critique underplayed this aspect of Picasso’s genius by focusing too narrowly on his later career and his commodified success. Fuller celebrated Picasso not just as a product of his time but as a transformative force whose work continues to resonate on multiple levels, beyond the confines of ideology.

I don’t think Howson was brought down by commercial success either, after being collected by David Bowie, it never seemed to have commodified his aesthetics nor detach his from the plight of the human struggle, certainly never a departure from spiritual matters. In fact it was Howson’s depiction of the Bosnian war that Bowie acquired.